Supplementary specimen of printing

types, borders, rules and ornaments

from the Type Foundry of James Co.

The Black Monk And Other Stories

Geology of the Pacific Northwest

CGS NB McLean & CGS D’Iberville

1870 Gothic Letter New York, NY.

RGB(255, 0, 255) Zen.Fuchsia drEAm

Thousand Leagues Under the Sea

Cylinder & hand printing machinery

Primitive Icebreaker Ship of Bruges

Flux_Capacitor @ 1.21 Gigawatt$!!!

Basaltic Flows of the Snake River

Electric Sheep? Dr3am.exe [v12]

Pantone swatches 4 the Victorian Age

The mechanical composition of type

Strange Case of Dr Jekyll & Mr Hyde

Around the World in Eighty Dreams

What’s a Girl to Do Fatima Yamaha

Printing with Oil Based Varnishes

Citizenship in a Castle of pixels

The Temple Woods Gang (2022) RAZ

High-Fi Sound: 24-bit@192kHz max

Johnny Guitar by Nicholas Ray, 1954

Manual dexterity of the compositor

No Country For Hot Metal Casters

Sunlight travelling 150 million km

SunrisE:Song.of.2.HumAns-1927

R&Drawings

Hieroglyphic

Philadelphia

Confidently

Landscapes

Pressure Ax

32Manifest

Quotations

MonoLguE

X-VECTOR

Catchword

SCAtlantic

The city of Mainz is in the western part of Germany, on the banks of the river Rhine, and even at the present time is heavily fortified. In the year 1462, seven years after Gutenberg’s first Bible was completed, it was the scene of a terrible conflict between two archbishops, Diether and Adolph II., who contended for the office of elector. The elector had a vote in the selection of the king or emperor, and Mainz was one of seven principalities entitled to such an officer.

Diether was the choice of a majority of the citizens of Mainz, but Adolph had the support of the pope in his claims and made war to establish himself in the office. One night in October, 1462, there was an uprising of the followers of Adolph within the city and hundreds of the inhabitants were murdered. The soldiers of Adolph then entered Mainz and set it afire. Most of the citizens fled, and industry and business were paralyzed.

Gutenberg was not affected by these events, as his new shop was outside of the city proper, in the village of Eltville, a short distance away.

The printing office of Fust and Schœffer, however, was burned, and the workmen, fleeing for safety from the distressed city, took up residence in various parts of Europe. Thus was the new art of typography spread and its secrets made common property.

Subiaco, a village on the outskirts of Rome. The cardinal in charge of the monastery, impressed with the importance of the new art and anxious to have it introduced into Italy, persuaded Conrad Schweinheim and Arnold Pannartz to come from Germany for the purpose. In 1467 these two printers removed to the city proper and there printed more extensively. Many classical works were produced, but five years later they complained that a large portion of the product had not been sold and that they were in distress.

c Edward & Saints

d Giga 0123 Hiphop

e TOP 82,378+456

R Sublime: Volume I

S YXi (FLOW STATE)

T 79 GATE CRITICS

Subatomic (KR37) Still 

Exhibits World-Display

29,81 St@te of Bubbles

TASK1: SPACE FORCE?

Like Attract Each Other

[1] Vaporphase Top Serif

(2) Plasmatic Kerning Drift

{3} Solid-State Boldmake

(4) Ligature Plasma Arcs

1 (VPTS): A condition wherein ascenders dissolve into ligature clouds above the baseline. Common in high-pressure kerning fields.

2 (PKD): Observed when letterforms ionize under extreme tracking adjustments, causing unpredictable descender flares.

3 (SSB): A phase transition where light weights crystallize into ultra-bold block forms, often irreversible without typographic annealing.

4 (LPA): A hyper-energized connection between glyphs, stable only in high-resolution vacuum settings.

Transforming from new [Matter] Particle 012Es

X:L SURFACE TENSION

VAPORS, eg. Ethereally

High T.Viscosity Clouds

The booklover is distinguished from the reader as such by loving his books, and from the collector as such by reading them. He prizes not only the soul of the book, but also its body, which he would make a house beautiful, meet for the indwelling of the spirit given by its author. Love is not too strong a word to apply to his regard, which demands, in the language of Dorothy Wordsworth, "a beautiful book, a book to caress—peculiar, distinctive, individual: a book that hath first caught your eye and then pleased your fancy." The truth is that the book on its physical side is a highly organized art object. Not in vain has it transmitted the thought and passion of the ages; it has taken toll of them, and in the hands of its worthiest makers these elements have worked themselves out into its material body. Enshrining the artist's thought, it has, therefore, the qualities of a true art product, and stands second only to those which express it, such as painting and sculpture; but no other art product of its own order, not the violin nor the jewel-casket, can compare with the book in esthetic quality. It meets one of the highest tests of art, for it can appeal to the senses of both beauty and grandeur, either separately, as in the work of Aldus and of Sweynheym and Pannartz, or together, as in that of Jenson. Books have doubtless had their lovers in all ages, under all their forms. Even the Assyrian clay tablet, if stamped with the words of poet or sage, might have shared the affection which they inspired. So might the papyrus roll of the Egyptian, and so does even to-day the parchment book of the middle ages, whenever its fortunate owner has the soul of a booklover. From this book our own was derived, yet not without a break. For our book is not so much a copy of the Roman and medieval book as a "substitute" for it, a machine product made originally to sell at a large profit for the price of hand-work. It was fortunate for the early printed book that it stood in this intimate if not honored relation to the work of the scribes and illuminators, and fortunate for the book of to-day, since, with all its lapses, it cannot escape its heritage of those high standards. Mr. John Cotton Dana has analyzed the book into forty elements; a minuter analysis might increase the number to sixty; but of either number the most are subsidiary, a few controlling. The latter are those of which each, if decided upon first, determines the character of the rest; they include size, paper, and type. The mention of any size, folio, quarto, octavo, twelvemo, sixteenmo, calls up at once a distinct mental picture of an ideal book for each dimension, and the series is marked by a decreasing thickness of paper and size of type as it progresses downward from the folio. The proportions of the page will also vary, as well as the surface of the paper and the cut of the type, the other elements conforming to that first chosen. Next to size, paper determines the expression of a book. It is the printing material par excellence; but for its production the art could never have flourished. It is as much preferred by the printer as parchment was by the scribe. Its three elements of body, surface, and tint must all be considered, and either body or surface may determine the size of the book or the character of the type. A smooth surface may be an element of beauty, as with the paper employed by Baskerville, but it must not be a shiny surface. The great desideratum in modern paper from the point of view of the book-buyer is a paper that, while opaque and tough, shall be thin enough to give us our books in small compass, one more akin to the dainty and precious vellum than to the heavier and coarser parchment. It should also be durable.

The oldest type foundry in New England

Established in 1817

SPECIMEN BOOK

From The

Boston Type Foundry

104 Milk Street, Corner Kilby Street

1889

The plates are carefully removed from the solid mass which comes out of the pan, and the plaster is washed from the surface. If, after examination, the face is good and sharply set, the plates are passed over to a picker, who removes any slight defects arising from an imperfection of the mould. They are then trimmed and passed through the shaving-machine, till all are brought to an equal thickness. The flanges are neatly side-planed, and the plates are then boxed, ready for the printing-press.

Some American typefounder many years ago called this style of face “Gothic” and under that name this rather questionable type is widely known. It is possible, also regrettable, that it is the best seller of the type foundries’ product. Over in Scotland and England the type is called Sans-Serif and Grotesque; in Germany it is known as Block; in France and Spain as Antique.

beforeafter

This specimen was produced at a point of great change in the American typefounding industry. The owners of the Central Type Foundry (Schraubstadter and St. John) had purchased the Boston Type Foundry in 1888. This specimen book, a joint effort of the two type foundries, is dated 1892. That is the year in which both companies were sold into the newly formed American Type Founders amalgamation. The bulk of the specimen book itself makes no reference to ATF. However, a final page advertises "Original Type Designs" for sale by many of the type foundries which amalgamated into ATF. On its title page this specimen refers only to the Central and the Boston foundries, but the cover of this particular copy bears the title "Artistic Novelties for Printers, for sale by Boston Type Foundry, Boston." It seems reasonable to conclude that this specimen was prepared jointly by the Central and Boston foundries before the formation of ATF but that this particular copy was published by the Boston Type Foundry after the formation of ATF. Many of the larger foundries which combined into ATF retained separate identities for several years.

Possibilities or probabilities in an invisible field of energy. But only when an observer focuses attention on any location of any one electron does that electron appear. In other words, a particle cannot manifest in reality—that is, ordinary space-time as we know it—until we observe it. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse.

If your mind can influence the appearance of an electron, then theoretically it can influence the appearance of any possibility. How would your life change if you learned to direct the observer effect and to collapse infinite waves of probability into the reality that you choose? Could you get better at observing the life you want? Atoms, ions, or molecules make up all matter. These particles can move in different ways. In some matter, they are close together and vibrate back and forth. In other matter, the particles are farther apart. Sometimes, they slide past each other. Ever slightly but still, they manage to reappear. Matter on a subatomic level exists as a momentary phenomenon. It’s so elusive that it constantly appears and disappears, appearing into three dimensions—in time and space—and disappearing into nothing—into the quantum field, in no space, no time— transforming from particle matter to wave energy, and vice versa. But where do particles go when they vanish into thin air? Quantum experiments demonstrated that electrons exist simultaneously in an infiniite array of possibilities or probabilities in an invisible field of energy. But only when an observer focuses attention on any location of any one electron does that electron appear. In other words, a particle cannot manifest in reality—that is, ordinary space-time as we know it—until we observe it. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. With this discovery, mind and matter can no longer be considered separate; they are intrinsically related, because subjective mind produces measurable changes on the objective, physical world.

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When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. These weird, strange happenings are all what makes particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, Particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. It weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles take effects if Stronger attractions between particles make it harder for them to slide past one another, increasing viscosity. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly, further increasing viscosity. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams or kilograms. Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters or milliliters. The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters or cubic. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther.

When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. These weird, strange happenings are all what makes particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space Lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, Particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. It weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles take effects if Stronger attractions between particles make it harder for them to slide past one another, increasing viscosity. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly, further increasing viscosity. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams or kilograms. Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters (cm3) or cubic. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther.

When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. These weird, strange happenings are all what makes particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space Lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, Particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. It weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles take effects if Stronger attractions between particles make it harder for them to slide past one another, increasing viscosity. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly, further increasing viscosity. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters (cm3) or cubic. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther.

51 & 53 Blackstone Street

ROCKSTEADY K. SWAYER

Light

Regular

Book

When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. These weird, strange happenings are all what makes particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them in as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly, further increasing viscosity. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams or kilograms. Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters or milliliters. The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters or cubic. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther. kilograms. Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters or milliliters. The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters or cubic. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther. as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly, further increasing viscosity. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams or kilograms. Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters or milliliters. The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters or cubic. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther.

Possibilities or probabilities in an invisible field of energy. But only when an observer focuses attention on any location of any one electron does that electron appear. In other words, a particle cannot manifest in reality—that is, ordinary space-time as we know it—until we observe it. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse.

Cylinder and hand printing machinery

Picture yourself blowing bubbles by the seaside. Do you see matter in this scene? The three most common forms, or states, of matter on Earth are solids, liquids, and gases. The bubbles you blow hold air, which is a mixture of gases. The soap mixture used to make the bubbles and the ocean water are liquids. The sand, your shoes, and nearby seashells are a few of the solids you might see by the seaside. There is a fourth state of matter, plasma. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters (cm3) or cubic meters (m3). Density is a quantity calculated by dividing an object’s mass by its volume. The units of density are usually g/cm3 or g/mL. Have you ever wondered what makes something a solid, a liquid, or a gas? Two main factors that determine the state of matter are particle motion and particle forces. Atoms, ions, or molecules make up all matter. These particles can move in different ways. In some matter, they are close together and vibrate back and forth. In other matter, the particles are farther apart. Sometimes, they slide past each other. At other times, they move freely and spread out. It does not matter how close the particles are to each other. All things considered, this is

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee

Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj

Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo

Pp Qq Rr Ss

Tt Uu Vv Ww

Xx Yy Zz

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee

Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj

Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo

Pp Qq Rr Ss

Tt Uu Vv Ww

Xx Yy Zz

As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. The distances between the particles in a gas differ from those in solids and liquids. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Also, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. As the motion of particles gets faster, particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. These weird, strange happenings are all what makes particles move farther apart. When they get farther apart, the attractive forces between particles have a weaker effect. The spaces between them increase. This bigger space lets other particles slip past. As the motion of particles gets even faster, particles move even farther apart. In time, the distance between particles is so great that there is little or no attractive force between them. The particles move randomly and spread out. They create attractive forces between any two particles. Attractive forces pull particles together. Strong attractive forces hold slow-moving particles close together, as shown in the figure below. The particles touch each other. The distances between the particles in a liquid are greater, and the particles can slip past each other. It weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles take effects if Stronger attractions between particles make it harder for them to slide past one another, increasing viscosity. Typically, a liquid’s viscosity decreases as it warms up, because heat weakens these particle interactions. Additionally, heavier particles or those with complex, elongated shapes—such as chain-like molecules—tend to move more slowly, further increasing viscosity. Plasma is high-energy matter made up of particles that have positive and negative charges. Plasma is the most common state of matter in space. Plasma also is in lightning flashes, fluorescent lights, and stars, such as the Sun. Matter can be described in many ways. You can describe matter using your senses. You can describe its state, color, texture, and smell. You also can describe matter using measurements, such as mass, volume, and density. Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The units for mass are often grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Volume is the amount of space that a sample of matter takes up. The units for liquid volume are usually liters (L) or milliliters (mL). The units for solid volume are usually cubic centimeters (cm3) or cubic meters. Nice!

Possibilities or probabilities in an invisible field of energy. But only when an observer focuses attention on any location of any one electron does that electron appear. In other words, a particle cannot manifest in reality—that is, ordinary space-time as we know it—until we observe it. Quantum physics calls this phenomenon “collapse of the wave function” or the “observer effect.” We now know that the moment the observer looks for an electron, there is a specific point in time and space when all probabilities of the electron collapse into a physical event. With this discovery, mind and body

Ghost Letter

GBo 191 Heated Argument 56, “Dubious Do-It-All 87”; Classic Reflection 43

GLi 192 SLEEPY TRAFFIC 90 & CUNNING JESTER 12 / AQUATIC CRAFTSMAN 59

RBo 283 Wakened Dreamer 98; Polite Masquerade 132, 4 Friendly Thinkers

RLi 284 GOLDEN SPACERACE 403 (TAME PALACE 76) + NUMB SCIENTIST 38

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

A phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another. Commonly the term is used to refer to changes among the basic states of matter: solid, liquid, and gas, and in rare cases, plasma. Thermodynamic system and the states of matter have uniform physical properties.

When he learned from Kovrin that not only had a romance resulted, but that a wedding was to follow, Yegor Semiónovitch walked from corner to corner, and tried to conceal his agitation. His hands shook, his neck seemed swollen and purple; he ordered the horses to be put into his racing droschky, and drove away. Tánya, seeing how he whipped the horses and how he pushed his cap down over his ears, understood his mood, locked herself into her room, and cried all day. In the orangery the peaches and plums were already ripe. The packing and despatch to Moscow of such a delicate load required much attention, trouble, and bustle. Owing to the heat of the summer every tree had to be watered; the process was costly in time and working-power; and many caterpillars appeared, which the workmen, and even Yegor Semiónovitch and Tánya, crushed with their fingers, to the great disgust of Kovrin. The autumn orders for fruit and trees had to be attended to, and a vast correspondence carried on. And at the very busiest time, when it seemed no one had a free moment, work began in the fields and deprived the garden of half its workers. Yegor Semiónovitch, very sunburnt, very irritated, and very worried, galloped about, now to the garden, now to the fields; and all the time shouted that they were tearing him to bits, and that he would put a bullet through his brain. On top of all came the bustle over Tánya's trousseau, to which the Pesótskys attributed infinite significance. With the eternal snipping of scissors, rattle of sewing-machines, smell of flat-irons, and the caprices of the nervous and touchy dressmaker, the whole house seemed to spin round. And, to make matters worse, visitors arrived every day, and these visitors had to be amused, fed, and lodged for the night. Yet work and worry passed unnoticed in a mist of joy. Tánya felt as if love and happiness had suddenly burst upon her, although ever since her fourteenth year she had been certain that Kovrin would marry nobody but herself. She was eternally in a state of astonishment, doubt, and disbelief in herself. At one moment she was seized by such great joy that she felt she must fly away to the clouds and pray to God; but a moment later she remembered that when August came she would have to leave the home of her childhood and forsake her father; and she was frightened by the thought—God knows whence it came—that she was trivial, insignificant, and unworthy of a great man like Kovrin. When such thoughts came she would run up to her room, lock herself in, and cry bitterly for hours. But when visitors were present, it broke in upon her that Kovrin was a singularly handsome man, that all the women loved him and envied her; and in these moments her heart was as full of rapture and pride as if she had conquered the whole world. When he dared to smile on any other woman she trembled with jealousy, went to her room, and again—tears. These new feelings possessed her altogether; she helped her father mechanically, noticing neither pears nor caterpillars, nor workmen, nor how swiftly time was passing by.